African American and American Society Essay

African Americans No matter where or when a person lives, skin color, beliefs, class, or history he/she will see a difference in the way every ethnic group is treated. This world has never been fair for anyone. Life can treat a person with the greatest of care or it will treat a person as if he/she is lower than dirt. African Americans are no different. They have faced great hardships and triumphs throughout the years. Since they had been forced from their homeland they have been treated as if they had no rights or thoughts of their own. They were placed in the status of slaves even though they were human beings too. No matter if they were placed in the minority group by the dominate majority group of white Americans they remind structurally pluralism by keeping to their beliefs and traditions. Before and after slavery African Americans did not receive equal treatment. â€Å"Even when slavery ended, Jim Crow laws went into effect meaning that the very best of everything was reserved for white’s only-school, jobs, neighborhoods, hospitals, etc. † (Moore, 2008). In other words, the African Americans took the subordinate status to the dominant white Americans. Their race was used to dictate what rights they would be allowed to have in America. At one point, they did not have the right to be free and over the years they were given that right back. Even though they regained their right to be free, they still were not very free. They were only allowed to eat in certain places, drink from certain fountains, and ride in the back of the bus. This is not what would be called very free. They were not even given the opportunities to receive a quality education or to vote. â€Å"With the 1896 Supreme Court decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the separate by equal doctrine was upheld, and the system of segregation in the South was securely in place† (Merger, 2012, pg. 169). When it came to getting a quality education, they were placed at the bottom of the totem pole. The whites receive the best opportunities for receiving a quality education while the African Americans were not. It was not until the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case that African Americans were allowed a better education. â€Å"Separate schools were inherently unequal and imposed an inferior status on black children, causing irreparable psychological change† (Merger, 2012, pg. 173). The rights as citizens were also being denied by not allowing them to vote and make a proper living to take care of theirfamilies. Years ago, African Americans were not allowed to vote, so they had no say in the laws that were made that would deny them their rights as American citizens or human beings. This kept them from changing the laws that kept them from achieving economically and politically. The Civil Right Movement began a new era for African American. It was their gain of the right to vote and be elected to office that gave the some power over their rights as human beings and citizen in the economic and political environment. Even after everything that the African Americans have gone through, they still face prejudice and discrimination in all areas of their lives. It is no wonder that for some it feels as if it is never over. No matter what a person looks like, how he/she talks, their beliefs, where he/she lives, how much money he/she has, or what race he/she may come from we all bleed red and where cut from the same cloth. We all deserve to have the opportunities and resources that are out there to help better ourselves. African Americans are human beings too and they have the same rights as everyone else.

Person Perception

The first person is someone whom I’ll probably never see again. Pam a co-worker and I decided to go shopping at the mall. She was being dropped off at my house by a male friend of hers named Demeitrius. He was introduced, and we all had a cup of java before going our separate ways. My initial impression of him was that he was gay, very discriminate about his attire, attractive and a people person. He was well groomed and had this great big smile when we shook hands. Even though we only had just met, he had a lot to say within those thirty minutes. As a matter of fact he over talked Pam and me about shopping deals the entire time fueled with a sense of humor. He was a six feet plus weighing in at around 350 or so and didn’t appear to be a shy person at all and exuded more femininity than I (being female) ever had. He didn’t appear to be self conscious about the shiny lip gloss, green contact lenses or polished nails that he sported. The contour of his speech was different and higher pitched than most men. Generally, a higher pitched voice indicates a person is a liar, but in Demeitrius case; I believe it was an effort to be more feminine. I determined that he was a very likable person. First Impressions Evaluated Forming impression entails separate inferences in part by: evaluation, negativity effect, positivity bias, and emotional information. The first thing I did when forming an impression of Demeitrius was an evaluation of liking or disliking him. His great big smile and enthusiastic handshake was received well. â€Å"A general evaluative bias in person perception is to evaluate people positively; a phenomenon termed the positivity bias† (Taylor, et al 2006). The social context upon which we met dictated a positive bias, because of the commonality of being friends with the same person. We expected a positive interaction in that we knew nothing of each other before hand. Demeitrius personality and physical appearance was not usual of a man. I suppose someone who felt insecure or uncomfortable with someone as large,loud and displaying gay tendencies may have viewed those qualities as negative. For this reason â€Å"people may simply pay more attention to those negative qualities and give them more weight† (Taylor, et al 2006). Demeitrius was also well received because he appeared to be happy; an impression that was quickly inferred from his witty and comical conversation. I didn’t know it then but now I know that the use of a weighted average approach was used to combine the little information I had on Demeitrius. An evaluation of his traits found him to be tall, neat, and funny; but a little discourteous in the art of the conversation. Although evaluation, negativity effect, positivity bias and emotional inferences are integrated into forming an impression; only â€Å"certain information was important† (Taylor, et al 2006) enough to use in my schema to draw an inference about Demeitrius. Schemas and Causal Attribution Demeitrius was neatly placed in my person schema of being a live wire (extroverted). â€Å"Schemas are stereotypes or preconceptions we hold about the categories that define people† (Taylor, et al 2006). The fact that he was vociferous and didn’t have a problem talking incessantly put him in this category. Categorizing Demeitrius helped me to know how to relate to him. I didn’t feel as though my conversation with him had to be overly guarded. He was a very colorful person, in dress and conversation. Demeitrius reminded me of some of the guys I knew while working in hair salons. Most of them were outgoing, people persons and created the most colorful hairstyles. I didn’t know what he did for a living, but he fit the prototype of being a hairdresser or some career that would be predominately female oriented. If he didn’t work in a beauty salon, I was willing to bet that his closest friends were women. Even though he was a large guy, attention to detail in his grooming and willingness to discuss topics such as shopping deals are major attributes to the interests of most women. Demeitrius behavior was not surprising to me, it was his appearance that was inconsistent with what I was used to. In the past I’ve had friendships with men that are extroverted and gay; but what was unexpected was the extent of his femininity. His nails were manicured better than mine. His lips were glossier than a New York hooker’s. As big as he was his walk was as soft as a house cat. â€Å"Many of our causal attributions are virtually automatic, implicit in the impressions we form of other people and situations† (Taylor, et al 2006). I had to make sense of the circumstances as they were unfolding at that time. All of my other causal attributions were pretty much dispositional and automatic, but because of the surprising circumstance of his appearance; it forced me to pay closer attention as I was not accustomed to them. More than a Casual Aqaintance The second person is my best friend Crystal, whom I’ve known for over ten years. Crystal is a forty year old mother of three, married and employed as a military computer specialist. She was told by her sister that I ran a home daycare. When I first met her, she was in her military uniform knocking on my door seeking childcare services for her first young daughter. She was tiny in stature, attractive and very anxious about securing childcare. My initial impression of her was hard working, employed and a caring young mother. She sat and talked to me for quite awhile about her current circumstance with the child’s father and needing childcare as soon as possible. Her revelations appeared to be sincere. She was attentive to her daughter while we worked out the details of her. Over the years we became close and I’ve gotten to know her a lot better. Traits, Roles, Motivations, and Emotions Crystal being dressed in her military attire alerted me that she had traits of being a disciplined, trustworthy and a dependable individual; mainly because that’s what the military represents. She wore her military uniform which represented the â€Å"figure-ground principle of attention being drawn to stimuli that stand out against background† (Taylor, et al 2006). Knowing this summed up that she was in a good position to pay for her child’s care without depending on the dad. Correct judgment on one’s ability to pay their bill was crucial to the success of my small business. Categorizing is important in this context because it induces momentum in the information-processing time. Her small frame and child-like facial features inferred that she was an honest person. Her role was acceptable to me in that I too am female and had served in the military. â€Å"Role schemas are more useful than traits for recall† (Taylor, et al 2006). Maybe she wore her uniform to our interview knowing how socially accepted it is in this country. The fact that she was attentive to her daughter represented a behavior that is expected of a mother. Naturally, I inferred that she was nurturing and from that I inferred that she was warm; â€Å"the implications that traits have for other traits is called implicit personality theory† (Taylor, et al 2006). Without really knowing her, that behavior could have summed up her total personality. Turns out I was right about that because she’s the same way with her other two daughters in different contexts as well as with friends. â€Å"Research shows that people remember more and organize the information differently when they expect to interact with someone in the future† (Taylor, et al 2006). After all, I would be responsible for her child and would have to communicate with her on a daily basis. The inferences that I had of Crystal were important which led to a more systematic style of processing as opposed to rapid heuristically based processing. â€Å"Mood may influence not only the content of impressions we form of others but also the process we use in forming them† (Taylor, et al 2006). I believe a person’s emotional state can have an effect on inferences. However, my initial meeting with Crystal was after normal business hours, so things were calm and she had my full attention. My mood was good and that is probably why I could use categorical processing in impression formation as opposed to piecemeal processing. Disposition or Situational in Different Cultures? Attributing cause to behavior generally tends to differ between meeting someone in passing and knowing someone for a long time. â€Å"We are more likely to make situational attributions for the behavior of people we know very well than for those we know less well† (Taylor, et al 2006). Meeting Demeitrius for the first and last time did not afford me more information to take into account, such as personal goals or how he sees the world. I had to depend more on general abstract traits to build an impression of him. The exact opposite was true for Crystal. Culturally, the United States tend to explain behavior in terms of enduring dispositions than in Asian countries. In Eastern countries the role of context and situational factors as causes of behavior is more likely to be acknowledged (Taylor, et al 2006). This causal theory is due to Eastern cultures taking a more complex holistic view and taking a greater amount of information before making an attribution.

Analysis of Staged of Transformational Learning and Their Roles

Analysis of Staged of Transformational Learning and Their Roles Transformational learning is a deep form of learning. Whenever there is a change or problem in your life; such as having a child or going back to school, you go through a learning phase with hard trials. The outcome has a big impact on your life and in the end you will have grown as a person. Upon reading I discovered that there are 7 phases of transformational learning: Dilemma, self-assessment, important evaluation of beliefs, realization that others have similar dilemma, exploring a process, creating a plan of action and finally, reintegration. In July 2007 I found out I was pregnant. I was 20 years old and still hadn’t graduated high school. I was shocked, nervous but mostly excited and realized had to take a long hard look at my life and the life I wanted my child to have. From the day I found out about my pregnancy I started planning and thinking of our future. I enrolled in night classes to get my High School Diploma and also started to get our house in order for a baby. I think I even read every pregnancy book ever published. I had to change everything about my life; my eating habits, my education, my home, relationships and my social habits. Some things were hard to change but in my heart I knew it would be best for my child. I got through all the obstacles standing in my way and by the time my son arrived, I had organized my life for the two of us. I graduated high school when my son was 3 months old, and it was a great feeling. Mezirow’s 7 stages of transformational learning defiantly applied to this huge transformation in my life. I believe the 2 most important stages were self-assessment and formulating a plan of action. I had to look at every aspect of my life and decide what needed changing and what didn’t. Once I decided what needed to change I had to come up with a plan on how to change it to make a better life for my child as well as myself. One huge change was obtaining my high school diploma. I had to call around to the local school districts and find one that offered adult night classes to finish up the credits I needed to graduate. Once I found the school I had to go for one semester. I had my son the last few weeks of class, but continued to go; I ended up finishing and graduating. I devised a plan and stuck to it because I knew how important it was for my family. We are defiantly in a good place now, my son is 3 years old and I am glad I stayed focused and driven to create an adeq uate environment for him to grow up in, he is my world.

Pathways to entry into the practice of professional nursing is Essay

Pathways to entry into the practice of professional nursing is confusing - Essay Example I strongly believe that these numerous entry points are not confusing, but they offer a range of benefits to nursing candidates. When there are many entry points to the practice of professional nursing, candidates get a great exposure to several potential entry choices. The numerous entry points greatly assist students to choose the most appropriate one by giving specific focus to their long term career goals, opportunities for college entrance, and personal and work obligations. These options are also beneficial for candidates to choose the most affordable entry point and avoid excess financial burden. To illustrate, as Black (2013, p. 134) purports, typically the annual cost of diploma and associate degree programs is less than baccalaureate degree programs. Those candidates who choose to attend local schools and live at home may incur lesser costs than students attending schools at distance and living in hostels. Hence, they can thoughtfully identify the entry point that would best fit to their financial interests. Another potential benefit is that students can take the issues of accreditation and articula tion into account while considering entry choice. Similarly, the emerging entry points address various issues associated with traditional entry points, and therefore students can avoid unnecessary concerns associated with their entry into the nursing profession. To sum up, the numerous entry points do not cause any confusion to students who have a clear vision of their long term career goals and financial potentials. Maneval, R. E & Teeter, M. M. (2010). THE STUDENT PERSPECTIVE on RN-Plus-10 Legislation: A Survey of Associate Degree and Diploma Nursing Program Students. Nursing Education Perspectives 31 (6): 358-361. Raines, F & Taglaireni, M. E. (2008). Career Pathways in Nursing: Entry Points and Academic Progression. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved from

Potential of Deregulation of the Electricity Sector in the State of Essay

Potential of Deregulation of the Electricity Sector in the State of Qatar - Essay Example The highest number of vacancies in employment sector is related to Oil and gas industry. Examples of posts are Rotating Equipment Engineer, Terminal Supervisor, and Mobile Concrete Pump Operator and many others. Least job opportunities are available in retailing services and IT related jobs (Chaddock, 2008). Estimated percentage of literacy in 1985 was 74%. The percentage increased to 81% in 2000. Centre for eliminate literacy rate was formed in 1954 in Qatar. There were seven schools in 1956, which could cater to the requirement of 614 students. By paying utmost attention to this sector, literacy has increased dramatically. Elementary schooling is of four year period in Qatar. Illiterate students were educated under this program and were granted certificates. Incentive allowance is given to such students, which was QR150 per month (Guides, 2010). The estimated population in 1998 was 579,000. 20% among this population was Qatari. The remaining population is of foreign workers. The po pulation living in urban areas is 91.4 % and the remaining 9.6% lives in rural areas. The total population is an imbalance. The number of males is greater than females. Basic reason is that the foreign workers are not living with their families, as they come alone. The type of visa allotted to foreign workers is work visa, which are temporary visas. Most of the foreign workers come from Pakistan and India (Chaddock, 2008). Production The production of electricity in 2008 was approximately 4263 Megawatts (MW). It is assumed that in 2011 it will double and increase up to 8707 MW. These values prove the development of electricity sector in Qatar. The number of substations of high voltage has increased to 139 in 2008. By the turn of century there were 87 substations in... This paper approves that the expansion of power stations is done by placing complex power equipment in different substations. This activity is performed by the employees of KAHRAMAA. They are making the electric power system highly developed and dependable as well. Many international companies are interested in the project launch of Qatar Electricity Transmission Networks. There basic goal is to expand their transmitted network. The projects of KAHRAMAA are considered as the largest projects in the world. Phase VIII was the largest project of network expansion. The contracts of this project are worth US$ 3.5 billion. Phase IX is the next upcoming network project. KAHRAMAA has also decided to expand the network of Phase VIII. Their technical department is responsible for tracking deadlines. Basic target of the researcher is to research and find the best suitable structure for electricity production and management in Qatar. It will not be easy to regulate electricity sector in Qatar. This report makes a conclusion that while collecting the data, it will be ensured that no confidential/classified information offered by the companies is misused. Official permission from electricity authorities will be taken in writing to use their data. The data will be protected. Names of the participants in my primary data collection interviews/survey will not be displaced in any situation. The company data and any personal information collected during this research will be safe guarded carefully to ensure no information theft or misuse of information.

My position on the Civil War and an argument against it. (MOD 2 Disc Assignment

My position on the Civil War and an argument against it. (MOD 2 Disc 1) - Assignment Example From a modern perspective, slavery and the associated treatment of black people are incomprehensible and immoral. Another reason to support the Union is that it was the side of the democratically elected Abraham Lincoln (McPherson & Hogue, 2009), and held the same view as the majority of Americans (23 states as opposed to 11 Confederate states [McPherson & Hogue, 2009]). It is wrong, however, to assume that the winning side is always the right side. In every story there are several viewpoints and we cannot see everything in black and white. One of the main problems with the Union is related to the democracy point raised above. 23 states wanted to abolish slavery, but 11 states didnt. The Union encouraged ignoring the views of over 5 million people (McPherson & Hogue, 2009) in the Southern states, which is something that a true democracy could not. It is easy to say that the Union was in favour of freedom, but another type of freedom is freedom of opinion, and it could be said that the Confederacy had this taken away from them by the Unionists zeal for abolition. It is also possible to argue in favour of the Confederacy. It can be argued that the Confederate states were aiming to protect themselves; not only their way of life with regard to slavery, but also to protect their economy from the Union (McPherson & Hogue, 2009). It is also wrongly assumed that Confederacy states were the only ones that employed and imported slaves (McPherson & Hogue, 2009). It is evident that the story here is not just black and

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Business law - Essay Example Examples of these crimes are murder, kidnapping, robbing etc. State acts as a prosecutor in criminal matters as it is the State who sets out the legal framework. There is, however, a right of undertaking private prosecution’ in which a citizen, ordinarily the victim, acts as a prosecutor (Gillespie, 2007, p.8). The penalties, in case of a breach of a criminal law, include fines, loss of liberty, execution and State supervision. A person penalized under criminal law for the first time initiates a ‘criminal record’ in which all the crimes committed in the future are to be incorporated. Civil law deals with anything that is not in the scope of criminal law (Gillespie, 2007, p.8), e.g. Contract Law. The primary source of this law is the legal code. It generally concerns with private matters of the parties but the State is involved in some matters too e.g. in a lawsuit brought against a public body. Therefore, civil law is a mix of public and private law. The citizens are mostly the prosecutors in matters arising under civil law. The penalties are not of a punishing nature. This law attempts to make the guilty party compensate the aggrieved party for the loss that it causes by way of allowing damages. A lawsuit brought under civil law is not due to a breach of a public duty and hence, are not punitive. The damages are classified according to the nature of the loss. However, nominal damages are allowed in some cases which serve the purpose of punishing a party. Common law recognizes the common principles and develops the statutory law which is passed by the Parliament. It develops the law by forming new precedents which are the judges’ decisions in any particular set of circumstances. Once a precedent is formed, the future judges are bound by it for the sake of consistency in adjudications unless there are new circumstances which force a judge to decide on the contrary. For instance, Donoghue v Stevenson (1932, duty of

Level One Computer Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Level One Computer Systems - Essay Example the â€Å"de-perimeterization of security† where it has become difficult to demarcate the line between a firm and its clients, suppliers and partners (PGP Corporation, 2007). Enforcing effective security standards is a challenge in this complex milieu. There are many reasons as to why information is on longer safe and there is a need for data protection and security. The notion that sensitive information is within the walls of the organization and so is safe is no longer justified. With the advancement in technology and the new computing form factors, information can be accessed by malicious insiders. The people who are responsible for administrating the systems can also present a risk to the bypass of sensitive information. It is not easy to define who has access to what information. This also necessitates that an effective security protocol must be present to ensure that sensitive data is not leaked out. Data protection is also necessary to build a bond of trust with the cus tomers. When a customer approaches an organization, the organization is bound to protect his or her privacy. Not doing so can bring bad repute to the organization and cause it to lose its customers. A comprehensive data security system encompasses an assessment of the associated risks and threats to data security. A strategy that includes a thorough assessment of these risks enables the organization to understand the value of the data that is at risk and the consequences of any loss. Data could be lost by many ways. One can be due to malicious infections. System crashes and natural happenings such as floods can also cause the loss of significant amount of sensitive data. When considering data protection, the organization needs to review who has access to what type of data, who used the Internet, who should be given limited access, what type of firewalls and anti-malware solutions need to be in place, the usage and maintenance of passwords and the training being given to staff (Spam laws,

Prison life and strategies to decrease recidivism upon an inmates Essay

Prison life and strategies to decrease recidivism upon an inmates release from prison - Essay Example In the US, the rate of recidivism is estimated to be approximately two-thirds of all released inmates (Andrews & Bonta, 1994). This means that at least two-thirds of prisoners released will ultimately be re-imprisoned within a period of three years. High recidivism rates impose immense costs with regard to public safety, as well as tax dollars utilized in arresting, prosecuting and imprisoning re-offenders. Due to these high costs, programs for inmates, as well as released prisoners, which reduce recidivism, can prove cost effective, even in the event of modest success (Perkinson, 2010). This paper will consider the US prison system, describing its aspects such as prison life, the existence and effectiveness of programs that reduce recidivism and programs aimed at reintroducing released prisoners into society. Purpose for Prisons in the US As an institution, the prison plays a critical role in the society. The US justice system bestows on prisons various roles. The first essential ro le is rehabilitation; prisons provide convicts with second chances to appreciate and learn from their misconducts and change. In essence, prisons help inmates reflect on their lives and search for ways through which they can coexist peacefully within the society. In addition, prisons offer inmates with learning environments in which they acquire new skills essential in enabling them earn decent livelihoods after their release (Armitage, 2002). Another critical role of prisons is deterrence and punishment aimed at discouraging inmates and others within the society from committing similar crimes. Forms of punishment vary contingent on the crimes committed, ranging from hard labor to the death penalty. Such punishment deters others in the society from committing crimes, thus ensuring peace and harmony within the society (Andrews & Bonta, 1994). Moreover, prisons provide justice to victims of crimes. Because law centers on justice and equity, victims of crimes receive justice through th e incarceration of those that harmed them. The incarceration of a wrongdoer provides closure to the victim of the crime. Lastly, prisons in the US protect the public from threats to security and safety as incarceration deters criminals such as serial killers and rapists from committing crimes within the society. Current conditions in US prisons The present condition of US prisons is less than ideal. Prisoners presently live in deplorable conditions characterized by extreme overcrowding. The situation in US prisons provides a viable environment for crime to thrive within prison boundaries. Perkinson (2010) poises that the California and Texas prisons, which are the biggest in the US, have, in the last thirty years, experienced an eight fold increase in the number of prisoners incarcerated. Despite the growing number of inmates, funding for prisons has barely increased, making it difficult to meet the needs of prisoners (Armitage, 2002). Inadequate funding makes it difficult for priso ns to teach prisoners effective skills to enhance their re-introduction into society. Although the US encompasses 5% of the global population, its prisons encompass 25% of the global prisoner population; this indicates the enormity of the issue. Increased congestion in US prisons is also attributable to increased levels of crime and recidivism in the US. This congestion diminishes the rehabilitative role of prisons as congestion makes it difficult

A problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A problem - Assignment Example In so doing, Harry’s mother had a chance of knowing the events taking place in the school. In this case, I would visit Harry’s mother to inquire about her attendance on the school party. This would be helpful in that, Harry mother would confirm her attendance. However, Harry would have issue with that since he would feel am interfering with his affairs. Secondly, I would also inform Harry that his mother have confirmed her attendance to the party. In so doing, Harry would not have a choice to agree and if he disagrees, I would inform Harry on the benefit of appreciating his mother just the way she is. The drawback of this solution is that it would increase many conflicts as harry tries to justify why he does not want to come with his mother. Harry has problems with his mother appearance, speech, and mannerism. I feel that the problem developed because of torn invitation. The invitation causes Harry to express his negative thoughts about his mother. I think the problem could be avoided If Harry was given the chance to choose what he wants. Also, it would be helpful if all students were promised a reward if they come with their parents. In this essay, we will discuss a couple that encountered the problem of infertility in their marriage. Early last year, a young couple in Mountain View village encountered a big problem that affected them emotionally and psychologically. The couple desired to bear children, but they were incapable of having one. Despite being in love with each, the couple encountered a lot of criticism especially from parents. Often, the man was told that he is not a man enough since he married a woman who cannot bear him a child. In many gatherings, the woman was told that she is useless and does not deserve to live since she could not bear a child. Day by day, the couple became frustrated and worried because of the problem they were undergoing. In spite of the criticisms and rejection from the family members and the society, the

International Monetary Fund Essay Example for Free

International Monetary Fund Essay The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a central organization in the world whose mandate of establishment in 1945 revolves around world economic and monetary cooperation (imf. org, 2006). By following microeconomic policies of the member countries, this intergovernmental organization manages or oversees the global financial system. In this organization, almost all the countries in the world work together in cooperation for the common good. The primary purpose of IMF is to propagate and stabilize international monetary system which is key in ensuring and maintaining stable international payments and exchange rates that are critical in promoting trade between countries. In its efforts to ensure stability of the international monetary system, IMF has the responsibility of reviewing the financial developments in the national, regional, and global arena. The major purpose for which International Monetary Fund was established can be explained in three points. First is to promote stable exchange rates while at the same time ensuring that order is maintained in the exchange arrangements between its member countries and to prevent competitive exchange from depreciating. Secondly, IMF was established to enhance the expansion of international trade in a balanced manner so that all the member countries can benefit from increased levels of employment and real income in addition to better development and utilization of economic resources of these member countries. Thirdly, IMF has the mandate to contribute in the establishment of a new system of payment which is multilateral in nature and which functions to eliminate the many restrictions imposed by foreign exchange and which impedes the blossoming of world trade (munfw. org, n. d). The 184 member countries are required to adopt policies which protect them from financial and economic crises, promote economic stability and policies which have the capacity to raise the living standards of the citizens (imf. rg, 2006). In any given organization, the mission and the set goals are very important since they form the basis for the strategies and management of different affairs in the organization including the critical area of decision making which determines whether the goals will be achieved or not. It is therefore the objective of this paper to describe the mission and the goals of International Monetary Fund and also analyse the process of decision making in the orgaization so as to achieve these goals. One of the mission of IMF is to offer financial assistance to various countries which have faced crises of balance-of-payments as a result of domestic policies. The governments of such countries do not have a choice other than to borrow from the IMF so as to propagate various economic activities in their countries. On the part of IMF, it has to safeguard the interest of the shareholders and therefore it requires that the countries borrowing the funds put in place stringent policy adjustments which will facilitate repayment. Another mission of the IMF is to function as a reserve pool for global economies. This is in light of the fact that various countries especially in the developed world have accumulated colosal amounts of resources and money which act to insure them against shocks. On the other hand, many countries especially in the developing world lack the capacity to accumulate resources for insurance purposes but rather would use them for consumption and investments. The IMF therefore in this case acts as reserve pool which can manage these reserves so that even poor countries can access financial assistance in times of economic crises (Eichengreen, 2009). The third mission of the IMF is to act as a supervisor with regard to macroeconomic activities and trends. This means that it has to be very prudent in keeping an eye on the prevaling financial conditions or trends in the whole globe and in case of any signs of financial instability, provide warnings on the same so that appropriate actions can be taken. However, it has only played a supporting role since most of these activities have been undertaken by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) following the suggestions by the G-20. The goals of the International Monetary Fund are in line with the goals set by the international community in 2000 popularly known as the UN Millennium Development Goals. These goals focus on fundamental aspects of human existence and are geared toward ensuring improved living standards by curbing poverty and improving the health of world populations. The time frame for the achievement of these goals is set to be by the year 2015 and therefore decision making and actions taken are done systematically and resources managed carefully to meet the set deadline. The areas of focus of the first seven goals are on eradication of extreme hunger and poverty, ensuring that primary education is accessible by all children, empowerment of women and promotion of gender equality, improvement of maternal health and reduction of child mortality. The sixth goal is with regard to HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases which have been wrecking havoc in many developing countries. The seventh goal focus on issues of environment in that IMF intends to achieve environmental sustainability by the year 2015 (imf. org, 2010). The last goal requires that a global partnership for development be formed to address issues of debt relief, aid and trade. Decisions made by the IMF are meant to ensure that the resources available are managed carefully so that the organization can meet its goals without having problems caused by lack good management of available resources in many organizations. From the goals described, it is clear that IMF targets to offer assistance to poor countries in order to overcome some of the most common challenges facing them such as disease, poverty and illiteracy. However, the organization is not a development institution like the World Bank and regional development banks. This implies that it has no mandate to provide funds for building physical infrastructure in the poor countries rather it only offers loans to the low-income countries on concessional terms in an effort to ease the pain which these countries have to endure when making critical adjustments in terms of their spending (imf. org, 2006). The purpose for making these adjustments is to bring the levels of spending to the right levels which are commensurate with their income. Consequently, this promotes important reforms which enhance much stronger and sustainable economic growth which results in poverty eradication in the affected. In addition, following streamlining of a country’s economic policies, the IMF loan given to a particular country may attract other donors who are encouraged to provide more financial support. Therefore, this organization has well elucidated approaches which are used to fight poverty and achieve the rest of the goals which it has set to accomplish by the year 2015. Decision making at the IMF revolves around two major aspects one of them being on membership of countries which may want to join the organization and on the other hand on the internal operations of the organization. Both of these areas are quite important in ensuring the sustainability of the operations within IMF. For instance, bearing in mind that the major source of money of the organization is the quotas which are contributed by different countries upon joining the organization, decision making at this stage is critical since it impacts directly on the financial stability of this organization. Quotas are basically a reflection of the size of the economies of the member countries so that a country with a broad economy in terms of variability of trade, national income, monetary reserves and output is required to deposit more into the IMF kit than a country whose size of the economy is small and whose trade variability is not great. The decisions made on the amount of quota a particular country is required to deposit also affect the voting power of that country as a member of the IMF. This means that, the larger the quota of a member country, the more decision making power or voting power it possesses. For instance, the US contributes the largest quota into the IMF kit and therefore has the highest decision-making power at nearly 18%. On the other hand the whole African continent due to its small quota in the IMF possesses only a 5% decision-making power (munfw. org, n. d). The Board of Governors can review these quotas periodically and increase them when deemed necessary. The IMF staff and management comprise of different bodies which govern and manage the affairs of the organization to facilitate the realization of the laid down goals by 2015. These include the Board of Governors, International monetary and financial committee, the Executive board, and the standing committees. However, the important decisions are made by the Board of governors. The whole IMF staff and the management are accountable to the managing director of this organization who is appointed by the executive board to whom he is also accountable. The supreme decision-making body of the IMF is the Board of governors which is made of one governor and one alternate governor from each member country who is appointed to represent the interests of the country at the organization. The alternate governor of each member country is usually the governor of the central bank or the minister of finance. The board of governors is bestowed with the responsibility of making decisions concerning membership and also internal operational activities of the organization such as changes that might be required to the Fund’s structure. Decision making process requires ample time and therefore the Board of governors usually meets twice every year to deliberate on critical issues. The Executive board has the responsibility of carrying out the day-to-day activities of the organization. The board is chaired by the managing director who is assisted by three deputy managing directors. The member countries or groups of countries elect or appoint 24 executive directors make the bulk of the board. To ease the decision making process at the board level, most member countries are grouped into constituencies but the largest shareholders that is US, Germany, Japan, UK, France are not grouped but instead each has one chair. The decision making with regard to appointment of executive directors is in some countries based on the number of votes that a particular country has so that a country with the highest number of votes appoints the executive director. Good decision making process is characterized by consensus and this is adequately embraced in the organization whereby the board relies on consensus in making decisions. The nature of this consensus is determined by the number of executive directors who agree or disagree with a certain issue. In the light of the principle that a good decision making process gives room for opinions and views from all members involved, IMF is keen to allow for a voting exercise to take place in case different opinions crop up in the initial stages of the decision making process. In this voting approach, a needed majority is established in order to give a direction on decision making. However, the percentage majority required will be determined by the nature of the decision which is being made so that a 51%, 66% or 85% majority may be required (brettonwoodsproject. rg, 2005). During this process, the managing director of the IMF who chairs the executive board is required to advice the board to consider matters arising and be patient until that time when a broad majority has made a clear decision on the issue under discussion. Decision making process is characterized by the presence of options or alternatives so that if one fails, the other alternative can be employed to see whether the anticipated results will be achieved. This is exactly what happens at IMF when the majority still fails to precipitate consensus. The alternative is to go by the simple majority of the voting power in which a decision can be quickly made through a collective agreement involving G-7 chairs and a few directors (brettonwoodsproject. org, 2005). The IMF as a firmly rooted organization is therefore a good example of an organization whose excellent management strategy is reflected by its ability to facilitate many poor countries especially in Africa overcome common challenges such as poverty and disease. The mission and the goals set by this organization go hand in hand with the Millennium Development Goals and therefore consistent management of all the resources available to the organization is critical to meet the 2015 time target. The decision making process employed by the IMF also points to one of the key reasons for successful operations since it offers alternatives, democracy and dialogue in addition to the well organized management staff.

A post-secondary institution Essay Example for Free

A post-secondary institution Essay If I was not able to make it in any of my post-secondary institution this year, It will disappointment for me. Every endeavor that a man wishes in life comes at the right time and with a great purpose. Failing to make it to any of my desired field will pave way for me to pursue other fields non academically. Doing things that I have knowledge or have never thought about but have interest in. I might discover something in the field outside of post-secondary institution that will help me grow as an individual. I believe that my disappointment will only be short-lived, because I will shift my attention to doing more relevant things like community services. In order to learn, continuously there is a need for socialization and active participation in doing services. This will benefit not only the community but the individuals growth as well. Making a difference out of this fast changing world is by simply being me. Dedicating myself to community service without anything in return is my way of making a difference. Doing activities through service in the community allows me to grow as an individual and help other people as well.

Pepsi And Analysis Product Life Cycle

Pepsi And Analysis Product Life Cycle The PLC model is of some degree of usefulness to marketing managers, in that it is based on factual assumptions. Nevertheless, it is difficult for marketing management to gauge accurately where a product is on its PLC graph. A rise in sales per se is not necessarily evidence of growth. A fall in sales per se does not typify decline. Furthermore, some products do not (or to date, at the least, have not) experienced a decline. Coca Cola and Pepsi are examples of two products that have existed for many decades, but are still popular products all over the world. Both modes of cola have been in maturity for some years. Another factor is that differing products would possess different PLC shapes. A fad product would hold a steep sloped growth stage, a short maturity stage, and a steep sloped decline stage. A product such as Coca Cola and Pepsi would experience growth, but also a constant level of sales over a number of decades. It can probably be said that a given product (or products collectively within an industry) may hold a unique PLC shape, and the typical PLC model can only be used as a rough guide for marketing management. This is why its called the product life cycle. Pepsi-Cola is still second in the carbonated drinks market and remains in the shadow of Coca Cola in terms of market share, perception and image. (Business Week, 2010) However, Pepsis insightful marketing techniques (comic strips, television ads etc.) prevented a fall of its position in the beverage industry. The study shall aim to critically analyse the product life cycle of Pepsi and would further extend to assess the consumers behaviour and satisfaction towards Pepsi in New Delhi Market (India) Limitations: There are some limitations bound with this study, Such as shortage of funds, limited resources and Small sample size (n=100). The random sampling which will be used in this study may not represent the complete population. 1C. WHY IS THIS PARTICULAR TOPIC CHOSEN? By using diversification techniques and brand management, Pepsi was able to increase its volume of sales and get a stronger market position. Nowadays, Pepsis carbonated beverages division clearly remains behind the snack division in terms of profitability and share percentage of operation earnings. Our impression is that the profits of the snack division help create the illusion that the beverage sector is as successful as the management wishes it to be. The present study aims to analyse in detail the product life cycle of Pepsi in Indian market, the study shall also focus on analysing the consumers behaviour towards Pepsi in New Delhi market. 1D. WHAT CONTRIBUTION WOULD THE PROJECT MAKE? Brand loyalty is a buyers preference for the products of Pepsi. Pepsi can create brand loyalty through continuous advertising of brand and company names, patent protection of products, product innovation achieve through its research and development programs and emphasis on high product quality and good after-sales services. It is effective influence in the way in which people perceive the product or the company. By creating feelings of warmth, affection and belonging to a product, a firm is able to relate brand to human personalities. The study would contribute towards identifying the customer needs and expectation towards Pepsi in New Delhi 1 e. objectives and research questions of the study Research objectives To analyse the product life cycle of Pepsi To determine the customers behaviour and satisfaction level towards products of Pepsi in New Delhi market To know from the consumers about the specific reasons behind the preference of products of Pepsi over other Cola drinks Research Questions Why do consumers prefer Pepsi over other Cola drinks What attracts/draws consumers towards Pepsi in India? 2.0 METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF ENQUIRY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methodology defines the purpose of the research, how it proceeds, how to measure progress and what constitute success with respect to the objectives determined for carrying out the research study. (Kothari, 2007) The appropriate research design formulated is detailed below. RESEARCH DESIGN The research design is the basic framework, which provides guidelines for the rest of the research process. (Prasad, 2006) The present research can be said to be exploratory. The research design determines the direction of the study throughout and the procedures to be followed. It determines the data collection method, sampling method, the fieldwork and so on. NATURE OF DATA PRIMARY DATA: Primary data is basically fresh data collected directly from the target respondents; it could be collected through Questionnaire Surveys, Interviews, Focus Group Discussions Etc. SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data that is already available and published .it could be internal and external source of data. Internal source: which originates from the specific field or area where research is carried out e.g. publish broachers, official reports etc. External source: This originates outside the field of study like books, periodicals, journals, newspapers and the Internet. DATA COLLECTION Primary data: Primary data will be selected from the sample by a self-administrated questionnaire in presence of the interviewer in New Delhi (India). SAMPLE SIZE The survey will be conducted among 100 respondents in New Delhi (India) Sample Area: New Delhi (India) Sample unit: It will not be possible for the investigator to survey all the consumers of Pepsi so this study is based on the sampling study that will be done on the sample size of 100 persons residing in Central Delhi (New Delhi-India), this central part of New Delhi is chosen for a simple reason that it is a wonderful mix of people belonging to middle class/upper middle class/higher class SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data will be collected through Articles, Reports, Journals, Magazines, Newspapers and Internet SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Random sampling technique is employed to extract the fruitful results. This includes the overall design, the sampling procedure, the data collection methods, the field methods and the analysis procedures SAMPLING PROCEDURE ACTUALLY EMPLOYED The process that will be employed to select the sample in New Delhi (India) is simple random sampling. Simple random sampling refers to that sampling technique in which each and every unit of the population has an equal and same opportunity of being on the sample. In simple random sampling, which item gets selected is just a matter of chance. ANALYTICAL TOOLS Simple statistical tools will be used in the present study to analyze and interpret the data collected from the field. The study will use percentiles method and the data will be presented in the form of tables and diagrams. INITIAL LITERATURE REVIEW Product life cycle management (or PLCM) is the succession of strategies used by business management as a product goes through its life cycle. The condition in which a product is sold (advertising, saturation) changes over time and must be managed as it moves through its succession of stages. Like human beings, products also have their own life-cycle. From birth to death human beings pass through various stages e.g. birth, growth, maturity, decline and death. A similar life-cycle is seen in the case of products. The product life cycle goes through multiple phases, involves many professional disciplines, and requires many skills, tools and processes. Product life cycle (PLC) has to do with the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures. To say that a product has a life cycle is to assert four things: that products have a limited life, product sales pass through distinct stages, each posing different challenges, opportunities, and problems to the seller, profits rise and fall at different stages of product life cycle, and products require different marketing, financial, manufacturing, purchasing, and human resource strategies in each life cycle stage. There are many stages in a products life cycle, some of them are explained below: Stage Characteristics 1. Market introduction stage costs are high slow sales volumes to start little or no competition demand has to be created customers have to be prompted to try the product makes no money at this stage 2. Growth stage costs reduced due to economies of scale sales volume increases significantly profitability begins to rise public awareness increases competition begins to increase with a few new players in establishing market increased competition leads to price decreases 3. Maturity stage costs are lowered as a result of production volumes increasing and experience curve effects sales volume peaks and market saturation is reached increase in competitors entering the market prices tend to drop due to the proliferation of competing products brand differentiation and feature diversification is emphasized to maintain or increase market share Industrial profits go down 4. Saturation and decline stage costs become counter-optimal sales volume decline or stabilize prices, profitability diminish profit becomes more a challenge of production/distribution efficiency than increased sales It is claimed that every product has a life period, it is launched, it grows, and at some point, may die. A fair comment is that at least in the short term not all products or services die. Jeans may die, but clothes probably will not. Legal services or medical services may die, but depending on the social and political climate, probably will not. Even though its validity is questionable, it can offer a useful model for managers to keep at the back of their mind. Indeed, if their products are in the introductory or growth phases, or in that of decline, it perhaps should be at the front of their mind; for the predominant features of these phases may be those revolving around such life and death. Between these two extremes, it is salutary for them to have that vision of mortality in front of them. However, the most important aspect of product life-cycles is that, even under normal conditions, to all practical intents and purposes they often do not exist (hence, there needs to be more emphasis on model/reality mappings). In most markets the majority of the major brands have held their position for at least two decades. The dominant product life-cycle, that of the brand leaders which almost monopolize many markets, is therefore one of continuity. Studies shave revealed that the customers are attracted more towards the companies which are innovative in nature and enjoy good brand image in the market. Innovation is now a priority in most firms around the world just as quality was two decades ago. The challenge then was how to transform a quality program and results into a quality image. Today the need is to gain image credit for developing an innovative organization and a flow of innovative products. Having a reputation for creativity not only interjects energy and respect, but adds new product credibility to support a firms culture and strategy. Business Week recently ran a story on the 25 most innovative companies (e.g. Apple, Google, 3M, Toyota, Microsoft, G.E., Procter Gamble, Nokia, Starbucks, IBM and Samsung) as determined by a survey of over 1,000 executives. Among the ideas these firms used to foster innovation was freeing time to experiment, patent sharing, having an innovator-in-chief and developing innovation metric s. While interesting, the story made the unfortunate implication that a reputation for innovativeness was due to the current strategies, processes, culture and product flow of the firm and, further, that such a reputation would result in financial success. The reality is far different. Perceived innovativeness is driven by many factors, some reaching far into the past. One factor is undoubtedly the heritage of imagination. For over 50 years, 3M has been known for its philosophy of empowering innovators. Apple, the No. 1 firm in the survey, is still drawing on Steve Jobs legacy of the first Apple nearly 30 years ago. IBM gets credit for establishing the computer industry some five decades ago. G.E.s reputation may be influenced more by the legacy of the founder, Thomas Edison, than the Jeff Immelt revolution. (Aaker, 2006) The effect of brand awareness on buying decisions tends to regard product choice as a very intricate problem-solving process (Foxall, 1992). However, in many low involvement situations, consumers do not have the time, the resources, or the motivation to engage in such EPS processes. They are used to being passive recipients of product information, who need to spend minimal time and effort to determine brand choice (Foxall, 1992). A simple heuristic method, such as buying well-known brands used as a basis for brand choice when consumers undertake commonly repeated product purchases, may explain why firms marketing low involvement products often invest considerable sums of money into advertising, in order to generate and maintain brand awareness. (Hoyer, 1984) Brand awareness is a dominant factor in both initial (trial) and repeat-purchase decisions, even when the quality of the national brand was inferior to that of a non-national brand. Hoyer and Brown (1990) Similar conclusions were obtained in the replicated study of Macdonald and Sharp (2000), further evidencing the effect of brand awareness on purchase decisions. Familiarity with a brand has an influence on consumer confidence towards a brand, which, in turn, affects the intention to buy that brand (Laroche et al.1996). Familiarity is measured by the experience and information possessed by the consumer for a specific brand hence such information will exert some effects on purchase intentions, thus constructing one of the loyalty dimensions (Bloemer et al., 1999). If we look at the Pepsi-Cola Company from the outside, there has been a certain amount of repetitiveness in its development. By following the trends and focusing on how to lower the price as much as possible, they managed to create a successful company. By investing in the development of the bottling and distribution sector, Pepsi found their balance in the market. (Nels, 2008) Then in 1920s Pepsi-Cola Company failed because they didnt concentrate enough energy on branding. Within a few years Pepsi was declared bankrupt twice. By the end of the 1930s the company was reorganized from inside and the marketing policy drastically changed. Major investment was now directed towards making people more familiar with the product. After acquiring Mountain Dew, new sources of financing and revenue opportunities were needed because the acquisition was not an instant success. Therefore, in 1965 Pepsi merged with Frito Lay. In the 1980s the decreasing sales in the beverage market induced the industry to adjust with more aggressive marketing strategy and new products. In fact, Coke marketed a new cola formula, whereas Pepsi persisted with promotional efforts and improved customer responsiveness to increase sales volume. (Thomas and Alexander, 2005) Following these cyclical changes in the marketing policy of the firm (every 20 years there is a huge turn over), one could conclude that this is the time for PepsiCos to readjust. The circumstances underlying the merger with Quaker Oats are significant. Nowadays, the market is rapidly changing and its becoming saturated. The entrance into potential new markets is more complex than ever consequently, the only way for the company to expand is by gaining market share by mergers or strategic alliances. Furthermore, the marketing strategies in foreign markets like China and India are experiencing problems in customer responsiveness. Currently, the beverage sector is following a trend of continuous launch of new products in order to attract new customers. In this sense, the challenge for Pepsi is to be able to sustain such a trend and conversely, to remain a leader in their market.

Canterbury Tales - Linking Griselda of The Clerks Tale to the Biblical

Linking Griselda of The Clerk's Tale and the Biblical Sacrifice of Abraham      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Clerk's Tale seems to strike most readers  as a distasteful representation of corrupt sovereignty and emotional sadism; few can find any value in Walter's incessant urge to test his wife's constancy, and the sense that woman is built for suffering is fairly revolting to most modern sensibilities. Nevill Coghill, for instance, described the tale as "too cruel, too incredible a story," and he notes that "even Chaucer could not stand it and had to write his marvelously versified ironic disclaimer" (104-5). It seems, however, even more incredible that a great poet should bother composing a tale for which he himself had little taste; that is, there must be some point, however strange, to the ordeal of Griselda. One of the words Chaucer frequently uses to describe her character is sadness. The word obviously had a very different meaning in fourteenth-century England from what it has today: In Chaucer it does not denote a depressed moral or psychological sta te, but a way of reacting to events which takes them thoroughly seriously without letting them disturb one's internal composure. This kind of sadness can best be understood in terms of the biblical models Griselda follows. She explicitly echoes the Stoic resolve of Job when she declares, "Naked out of my fadreshous, ...I cam, and naked moote I turn again" (871-2) [this quote needs a / to show line breaks and should use spaced periods with square brackets for ellipses]. But the allusions to Job may momentarily throw the reader off the trail of an even stronger biblical model: the story of Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The affinities b... ...ch the "intoxicated security of the flesh" (in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Calvin's phrase), puffed up in its own satisfaction at an unbroken system   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of moral debts and repayments, is negated by the knowledge of an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   intractable sinfulness, and in which all human activity turns out to have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   been an anguished cry for forgiveness.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benson, Larry. Ed. The Riverside Chaucer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1987.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Clerk's Tale.The Riverside Chaucer.Ed. Larry    Benson. Boston: Houghton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mifflin Co., 1987. 137-53.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coghill, Nevill. The Poet Chaucer. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kierkegaard, Sà ¸ren. Fear and Trembling.Trans. Walter Lowrie. Princeton:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PrincetonUniversity Press, 1941.

To Characterize a Character :: essays research papers

To Characterize a Character   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Character is the combination of qualities and features that distinguish a person, group, or thing from others. The wise Benjamin Disraeli once said, â€Å"Characters do no change. Opinions alter, but characters are only developed.† This statement is worth acknowledging, however, I disagree. Characters are an essential part of any literary piece, and in the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, I have observed several characters alter and change. Of course, Disraeli is referring to the character within a person and I am referring to characters (or imaginary people) in a novel, but they do have a relation. What would a novel’s character be without an inner character, or personality? Drastic alterations of character occur in both Hester Prynne and Roger Chillingworth. But who, in reference to my statement of what character is, has more of it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hester Prynne is the social outcast of the Puritan village due to her sin of committing adultery. She wears a large letter â€Å"A† on her bosom and is constantly put to shame by it. The townspeople (including children) openly mock her as she walks about. But even so, Hester endures it and has gained great strength from it. Though she is an outcast, she works hard and continues to keep herself and her daughter, Pearl, alive and well. Hester achieves survival through sewing. She has, â€Å"†¦bore on her breast, in the curiously embroidered letter, a specimen of her delicate and imaginative skills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 56). She even sews clothing for the homeless, but they are ungrateful for it. Because of her ability to stay alive, and help the needy even though nobody ever helped her, some referred to the letter â€Å"A† on her chest as â€Å"Able.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roger Chillingworth, who is secretly the husband of Hester Prynne, has a great amount of character, also. He arrives in town and decides to stay upon his promise to discover the father of Hester’s child. He serves as a physician knowing several medicine concoctions from roots and weeds, as taught by the Indians. Soon, it is suggested by people of the town that Chillingworth should move in with Reverend Dimmesdale in order to care for him during his time of illness. After living together for a while, Chillingworth realizes that Dimmesdale’s illness is not a physical illness. It is due to some internal and spiritual illness, such as guilt. Chillingworth takes advantage of this finding and plays with the Reverend’s emotions already knowing that he is the father of Pearl.

World Population Essay -- Environment Populated Essays Papers

World Population Works Cited Not Included Population causes a heated debate among many people. The world's population has exceeded 6.5 billion and continues to increase about another 76 million each year. The three most populated countries are China, India, and the United States. Scientists have become worried that the population will double within the next 50 years, exceeding 12 billion people. With scarce natural resources and the strain that a doubling in population will cause on food availability, people become more wary about population control. What is population control? Population Control is the practice of limiting population increase, usually by reducing the birth rate (www.wikipedia.org). The first country to adopt a population control policy was India, though that did not stop the country from passing the 1 billion mark. In 1952, 6.5 million rupees were made available to conduct studies in fertility and family planning (Samuel, 54). For the first five years (1952-1956), the Indian Government was not sure what to do with the information and the population continued to grow at a rate of two per cent per year. After 1962, the Indian Government decided to limit the size of families, yet did not have to put effort into persuading the people to favor the idea. However, the people lacked a serious motivation to limit their procreation (Samuel, 56). India's population continued to grow. Contraceptives were also introduced, yet even after the education of the people, they went unused. The women were not given a choice when it came to reproduction. The men did not want to use the contraceptives, and they could not be forced by their partners. It was said that without an improv ed standard of living and improved education, ... ...t. The United States can support its population, but is still having problems with pollution. The hungry can be fed, the poor can be clothed, but the pollution is still much higher that desirable. The issue becomes a question of availability of natural resources and food. The question becomes "How do we produce more for a growing population on less land with less available water?" Is it ethical to control population? Should the government of any country mandate contraceptives or limit the amount of children a family can have? Does this remove the agency of the people? Can people themselves be trusted with the agency of how often they can procreate and how they feed, shelter, and clothe their children? It seems as though if population goes unchecked, mankind will wring out every last drop the Earth has to offer. The question then becomes: "What will we do then?"

Smoking In Pregnancy And Childbirth Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to Fink ( 1998, pp.3 ) the literature reappraisal procedure can be termed as â€Å" a systematic method for placing, measuring and construing the work produced by research workers, bookmans and practicians † . Government Policy on smoke in gestation and after childbearing: There are three of import policies made by the British authorities in related to smoking in gestation foremost is kids ‘s wellness and good being, than malignant neoplastic disease bar and the decrease of wellness inequalities. To back up this policies there are assorted different policy paperss like Every Child Matter ( HM Government, 2004 ) , Maternity Matters: Choice, entree and continuity of attention in a safe service ( DH, 2007a ) , the Cancer Reform Strategy ( DH, 2007b ) , Health Inequalities: advancement and following stairss ( DH, 2008 ) , Smoking Kills ( DH, 1998 ) and the Implementation Plan for cut downing wellness inequalities in infant mortality: a good pattern usher ( DH, 2007c ) . In add-on to damaging the wellness of the female parent, antenatal smoke is associated systematically with a figure of complications during gestation ( Castles et al, 1999 ) and several possible conditions impacting the baby ( Cnattingius, 2004 ) . Smoking rate among pregnant adult females in the UK was 23 % in the twelvemonth of 1995, it declined to 19 % in 2000 and farther declined to 17 % in 2005 ( Baxter et al, 2005 ) . But RCM has noted an addition in gestation smoke rates since 2005 ( Baxter et al, 2009 ) . It is estimated that around 17 % and 23 % of pregnant adult females are estimated to smoke throughout gestation in the United Kingdome ( Owen et al, 1998 ) . It is of import that cost effectual intercessions are developed and disseminated so that smoking-related wellness complications can be avoided. While face to confront smoking surcease behavioral support is by and large available for pregnant tobacco users, attending rates are really low ( Taylor et al, 2001 ) . In instance when the pregnant adult females are non able to go to face to confront smoking surcease behavioral support the option is self aid intercessions ( Ussher et al, 2005 ) . Self aid intercessions are peculiarly of import due to their low cost and they can make wider group of population. Giving pregnant adult females brochures incorporating information of jeopardies of smoke is one of the common signifier, but they can besides include picture, telephone and computing machine based systems. A recent Cochrane reappraisal concluded that, compared with having no stuffs, self help stuffs on their ain addition surcease rates merely marginally among non pregnant tobacco users ( Lancaster and Stead, 2005 ) . Tailored ego aid stuffs were found to be increasing the quitting rates compared to standard stuffs used for intercession ( Lumley et al, 2004 ) . Tailoring is the usage of participant features to individualize intercession stuffs and is believed to be effectual because it increases the relevancy of the information to the person and heed to the message ( Dijkstra and De Vries, 1999 ) . Self aid stuffs are common constituents in behaviour intercessions for pregnant tobacco users and are considered to be of import to cessation reding aid to pregnant adult females tobacco users to discontinue smoke ( Ussher et al, 2004 ) . However it is ill-defined whether ego aid intercessions on their ain can increase discontinuing among pregnant tobacco users. Several reappraisals have confirmed that intercessions promotion smoking surcease during gestation can cut down smoking rates significantly ( Kelley et al, 2001 ; Lumley et Al, 2004 ; Mullen et Al, 1999 ) . Lumbley et Al ‘s ( 2005 ) reappraisal largest in this country to day of the month included tests supplying a assortment of surcease intercessions, including self aid stuffs, reding techniques, fiscal inducements and nicotine replacing therapy. Lumbley et Al ‘s ( 2004 ) indicated that hazard of smoking in late gestation was lower among intercession groups than usual attention groups. They besides found that intercessions of greater denseness determined by personal contact, added small benefit. Kelley et Al ( 2001 ) reported that the degree of reding provided within an intercession was non associated with efficaciousness. Sing the possible benefits of ego aid intercessions it is of import to find whether they can be effectual on their ain in mark group.Inclusion/Exclusion:As an ethical bookman my inclusion and exclusion standards explains my attack towards choosing a proper literature for my attack. As a pupil of Northumbria University my first attack was to travel through the diaries available on NORA. There was plenty data available on NORA for research articles related to my subject. I besides tried to get quality resources from other hunt engines every bit good. I searched through Cochrane library to acquire good reappraisal articles on my research subject.Search Engine:I used Nora, Wiley Inter scientific discipline, The Cochrane library, British diary of Psychology, Official site of Elsevier publication which enabled me to entree articles through scientific discipline direct, PubMed, CINAHL etc. I used my university login wherever required for the entree of articles. This hunt engines are choice assured and supply entree to high quality of international resources.Search footings:Four chief databases were searched through MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Science Direct. Sear was done utilizing combination of keywords like ‘smok* ‘ , ‘tobacco ‘ , ‘pregn* ‘ , ‘cessation ‘ , ‘self help intercessions ‘ , ‘quit* ‘ and other proper equivalent word. A computerized electronic hunt was performed to place relevant articles. The hunt was conducted on Medline [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] , Embase [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] , CINAHL [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] , ScienceDirect [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] and PubMed [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] . PICO method was used to seek cardinal words to govern out the articles in each database. PICO is a method of hunt scheme that allows taking a more grounds based attack to literature seeking in database like CINAHL, ScienceDirect, etc ( Schardt et al. , 2007 ) . Electronic seeking yielded 1010 relevant articles of which 725 were extras and after testing of the commendation or mention 285 articles were published one. Based on the survey criteria 11 articles were related to self aid intercessions. 3 articles were eliminated due to type of qualitative or prospective survey. 4 articles were good, they were run intoing my inclusion exclusion standards but I was non able to entree them as they were paid articles. Finally, 8 to the full published articles were included in this assessment.Surveies included in Quantitative Synthesis ( narrative analysis )( n= 8 )Records excluded( n= 274 )Full articles excluded with grounds ( n= 3 )One article was related to cohort surveyOne article was related to assorted methodsOne article was related to pilot surveyFull articles accessed after eligibility( n= 11 )Records screened( n= 285 )Records after extras were removed( n= 725 )Records identified through database searchingMedline ( n= 127 )Embase ( n= 85 )PubMed ( n= 137 )CINAHL ( n= 225 )ScienceDirect ( n= 436 )Entire ( n= 1010 )Figure: Flow Chart of Systematic Appraisal Inclusion and ExclusionPICO Method:Population: Pregnant adult females smoking during gestation Intervention: Tests were considered if at least one of the experimental weaponries met the ego aid definition. The definition used based on Lancaster & A ; Stead ‘s ( 2005 ) defines self aid as the proviso of structured stuffs that assist the person in doing quit effort and prolonging abstention without important aid from a wellness professional or group support. Comparison: Comparison was done between different intercessions. Usual attention given to pregnant tobacco users during their ante natal attention was compared with ego aid intercessions. Besides usual attention was compared with picture based and brochures intercession. Result: Smoke results were accessed either in 2nd or during the 3rd trimester. The tests besides determined the smoke position either during late gestation or postpartum ( Moore et Al, 2002 ) .Features of Included surveies [ Ordered by Study Id ] :Aveyard et Al ( 2006 )State Focus of Study United kingdom To analyze whether, as predicted by the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour alteration ( TTM ) phase matched intercessions are more effectual than stage- mismatched intercessions in smoking surcease intercessions with pregnant adult females. Study Design RCT – matter-of-fact three armed test. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology Participants were 918 pregnant tobacco users drawn from 16 of 19 obstetrics antenatal services in the West Midlands. Arm 1: n= 289 Arm two: n=305 Arm three: n=324 Intervention Arm 1: Standard obstetrics advice to halt smoke and a self-help cusp appropriate for adult females in the readying phase. Midwifes received no extra preparation except in survey protocol. Arm Two: TTM based arm. Womans were been seen by accoucheuses with 2.5 yearss specialist preparation, 2 of these yearss on TTM. Women received a TTM based self-help brochure and received four Sessionss of behavioral reding from the accoucheuses ( three during gestation and one 10 yearss post partum ) Arm Three: TTM based arm. Womans were been seen by accoucheuses with 2.5 yearss developing as in arm 1. Intervention was the same as arm two, with the add-on of a computing machine based surcease intercession used on the four juncture ‘s of the accoucheuses visit. Result Measures Pregnant adult females in weaponries two and three ( TTM- based ) were significantly more likely to travel frontward in phase of alteration than adult females in the control arm. Consequences Overall, the TTM-based intercession produced some motion in adult females ‘s preparedness to discontinue but it was hard to construe this determination as the TTM intercessions were besides more intensive. The writers concluded that TTM had small cogency in explicating smoking surcease behavior during gestation.Cinciripini et Al ( 2000 )State Focus of Study United states An rating of videotaped sketchs for smoking surcease and backsliding bar during gestation. Study Design Randomised Controlled Tests. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology A sum of 146 adult females were screened for the survey. Sixty four adult females failed to run into the inclusion standards for the test ( & gt ; 18 old ages of age, smoke & gt ; 3 coffin nails per twenty-four hours, less than 30 hebdomads pregnant, have a on the job VCR, be willing to put a quit day of the month within two hebdomads of showing, and non involved in any other formal smoke surcease plan ) . 82 adult females participants were indiscriminately assigned. Intervention Usual attention ( UC ) ( N= 40 ) and UC plus picture ( UCV ) ( N= 42 ) groups. All participants continued to have the usual prenatal attention provided by their primary doctor, plus survey stuffs as described below. All intercession stuffs were provided through the mail, after participants had undergone a telephone testing for inclusion. All follow ups were besides conducted by telephone. Result Measures Abstinence was observed between the two groups. Abstinence studies were measured by salivary cotinine values. Consequences Seven twenty-four hours point prevalence abstention informations did non demo any significance consequences. At the terminal of quit day of the month the abstention rate was 10 % in control group and 3 % in experimental group. At the terminal of intervention the abstention rate was 12 % in control group and 7.5 % in experimental group. Decision The present sample size may be unequal to pull any i ¬?rm decisions sing the differential effectivity of the picture intercession.Ershoff et Al ( 1999 )State Focus of Study United states The effectivity of low-priced smoke intercessions targeted to pregnant adult females has been demonstrated, although few additions in absolute surcease rates have been reported in the past decennary. Under conditions of typical clinical pattern, this survey examined whether results achieved with brief reding from antenatal attention suppliers and a self-help brochure could be improved by adding more resource-intensive cognitive-behavioural plans. Study Design Randomised Controlled Trial Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology Womans 18 old ages of age or older who self-reported to be active tobacco users at their initial antenatal assignment. 131 adult females were randomised. Control group: 111 participants. Experimental Group: 120 participants. Intervention Participants were randomized to one of three groups: ( 1 ) a self-help brochure tailored smoke forms, phase of alteration, and life style of pregnant tobacco users ; ( 2 ) the brochure plus entree to a computerized telephone surcease plan based on synergistic voice response engineering ; or ( 3 ) the brochure plus proactive telephone reding from nurse pedagogues utilizing motivational interviewing techniques and schemes. Result Measures Biochemically coni ¬?rmed abstention measured by degree of cotinine in urine samples obtained during a everyday antenatal visit at about the 34th hebdomad of gestation. Consequences Twenty per centum of participants were coni ¬?rmed as abstainer with no signii ¬?cant differences found between intercession groups. Cessation rates in heavy tobacco users were less in all intercession groups. Decision Neither a computerized telephone surcease plan nor systematic proviso of motivational guidance improved surcease rates over a trim self-help brochure delivered within the context of brief advice from antenatal suppliers.Gielen et Al ( 1997 )State Focus of Study United states Evaluation of a smoke surcease intercession for pregnant adult females in an urban prenatal clinic. Study Design Randomized controlled tests. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 391 tobacco users were indiscriminately assigned in two groups. Control group: 198 participants. Experimental group: 193 participants. Intervention Experimental group received usual information with a prenatal and station partum information. Control group received merely usual information. The intercession consisted of single accomplishments direction and guidance by a equal wellness counselor on the usage of a self-help surcease usher and everyday clinic support. Result Measures It was measured by smoking surcease confirmed by cotinine measuring. Significant decrease in smoke was besides considered as an result step. Smoking forms were besides considered Consequences Among the Experimental group ( n = 193 ) , 6.2 % were cotinine confirmed quitters at 3rd trimester and among the C group ( n = 198 ) the quit rate was 5.6 % . Decision No important differences were found in the two groups.Lawrence et Al ( 2002 )State Focus of Study United kingdom To measure the effectivity in assisting pregnant adult females stop smoke of two intercessions ( Pro-Change for a healthy gestation ) based on the Trans theoretical theoretical account of behaviour alteration ( TTM ) compared to current criterion attention Study Design Cluster randomised survey. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 494 pregnant tobacco users participated. Control group: 243 participants. Experimental group: 251 participants. Intervention Arm 1 for standard attention. Second arm for TTM based ego aid manuals. Third arm for TTM based ego aid manuals plus session with an synergistic computing machine plan giving individualized smoke surcease advice. Result Measures Biochemically confirmed smoke surcease for 10 hebdomads and point prevalence abstention, both measured at 30 hebdomads of gestation and 10 yearss after bringing. Consequences There were little differences between the TTM weaponries. Uniting the two weaponries, the odds ratios at 30 hebdomads were 2.09 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.90 to 4.85 ) for 10 hebdomad sustained abstention and 2.92 ( 95 % CI 1.42 to 6.03 ) for point prevalence abstention relation to controls. At 10 yearss after bringing, the odds ratios were 2.81 ( 95 % CI 1.11 to 7.13 ) and 1.85 ( 95 % CI 1.00 to 3.41 ) for 10 hebdomad and point prevalence abstention severally. Decision Borderline important addition in discontinuing in the combined intercession weaponries.Moore et Al ( 2002 )State Focus of Study United kingdom To measure the effectivity of a ego aid attack to smoking surcease in gestation. Study Design Randomised controlled test. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 1572 pregnant tobacco users Control Group: 757 participants. Experimental group: 678 participants. Intervention A series of 5 brochures given to pregnant adult females on different phases of gestation Result Measures Validation of smoke by measuring of cotinine at the terminal of 2nd trimester. Self reported smoke position. Consequences Smoking surcease rates were low when cotinine measuring was done. The rates were 18.8 % in intercession group and 20.7 % in normal attention group. Self reported smoking surcease rates were high. The rates were 29.1 % in intercession group and 25.6 % in Normal attention group. Decision Self Help Intervention was utile but non so effectual during prenatal attention. There needs to a more intensive and tailored made intercession be made for good consequences.Natan et Al ( 2010 )State Focus of Study Israel To look into factors impacting adult females ‘s purpose to smoke during gestation. Study Design Cross sectional survey. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology Pregnant adult females aged between 19-26 old ages 201 participants enrolled in the survey. Intervention Theory of planned behavior. Result Measures Self reported smoke position. Consequences Behavioural attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioral control were found to foretell adult females ‘s purpose to smoke during gestation. Decision Nursing intercessions guided by the TPB may be helpful to assist adult females discontinue smoke in gestation.Strecher et Al ( 2000 )State Focus of Study United states Quit for supports: tailored smoke surcease ushers for gestation and beyond Study Design Randomised controlled test Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 173 pregnant tobacco users. 88 topics were enrolled as experimental topics, they received trim smoke surcease messages through mail, one after each antenatal visit. 85 topics in control group received a quit smoke brochure and no other stuffs. Intervention The experimental group was given trim messages after each antenatal visit. They were given manus held computing machine and were advised to make full up abruptly follow up interview. Urine samples were collected at the pre natal visits. The control group were merely given merely discontinue smoking brochures. Result Measures It was measured by the interview signifiers filled by the pregnant adult females. Consequences Rate of surcease in control group was 14 % as compared to experimental group was 15 % . There was no important difference in smoking surcease rates. Decision Tailored message produced no alterations in the smoke behavior of the topics.

The Odyssey: Book 5/6 Summary & Analysis

Chapter 5 All the gods except Poseidon hoard up again on Mount Olympus to question Odysseuss fate. Athenas idiom in support of the hero prevails on Zeus to intervene. Hermes, messenger of the gods, is sent to calypsos island to tell her that Odysseus moldiness at last be allowed to leave so he can return home. In reply, Calypso delivers an impassioned indict handst of the staminate gods and their double standards. She complains that they be allowed to take lethal lovers while the affairs of the female gods must always be frustrated. In the end, she submits to the domineering will of Zeus.By now, Odysseus alone remains of the contingent upon(p) that he led at troy his crew and the other boats in his pull were all destroyed during his journeys. Calypso helps him nominate a new boat and stocks it with nourishment from her island. With sadness, she watches as the object of her love sails away. aft(prenominal) eighteen days at sea, Odysseus spy Scheria, the island of the Phae acians, his next destination appointed by the gods. Just then, Poseidon, returning from a aerate to the land of the Ethiopians, spots him and realizes what the other gods exact done in his absence.Poseidon stirs up a storm, which nearly drags Odysseus under the sea, but the goddess Ino comes to his rescue. She gives him a veil that keeps him safe after his enthral is wrecked. Athena too comes to his rescue as he is tossed adventure and forth, now forth to the deep sea, now against the jagged rocks of the coast. Finally, a river up the coast of the island answers Odysseuss prayers and allows him to submerge into its waters. He throws his protective veil back into the water as Ino had commanded him to do and walks interior to rest in the safe backrest of a quality.Calypo complains to the gods that the male gods always draw a bead on to have relationships with mortal females whereas the goddesses Summary discussion 6 That night, Athena bets in a dream to the Phaeacian princ ess Nausicaa, disguised as her friend. She encourages the early days princess to go to the river the next day to rain kayoed her habit so that she will appear more fetching to the many men courting her. The next morning, Nausicaa goes to the river, and while she and her handmaidens are naked, playing ball as their clothes dry on the ground, Odysseus wakes in the forest and combats them.Naked himself, he humbly yet winningly pleads for their assistance, neer revealing his identity. Nausicaa leaves him alone to wash the tinkers dam and brine from his body, and Athena makes him look oddly handsome, so that when Nausicaa sees him again she begins to fall in love with him. Afraid of causing a scene if she walks into the city with a singular man at her side, Nausicaa gives Odysseus directions to the palace and advice on how to improvement Arete, queen of the Phaeacians, when he meets her. With a prayer to Athena for hospitality from the Phaeacians, Odysseus sets out for the pala ce.Analysis Books 56 Our first encounter with Odysseus confirms what we have already learned or so him from Menelauss and Helens accounts of his feats during the Trojan contend and what Homers audience would already have known that Odysseus is very silky and deliberative. The poet takes pains to show him weighing any finis whether to try landing against the flint coast of Scheria whether to rest by the river or in the shelter of the woods and whether to take on Nausicaas knees (the customary gesture of supplication) or address her from afar.The shrewd and measured approach that these instances demonstrate balances Odysseuss warrior mentality. Though raptorial and determined, he is far from rash. Instead, he is shrewd, cautious, and passing self-confident. At one point, he charge ignores the goddess Inos advice to abandon ship, trusting in his seafaring abilities and declaring, Its what seems best to me (5. 397). In each case, he makes a decision and converts thought to act ion with speed and poise. In his encounter with Nausicaa, a telling pillow slip of his skill in interacting with people and charisma, his voiced approach comes off as endearing, silklike and suave (6. 162).

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or once you have finished to reflect the stream of your arguments, you might want to rewrite it.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation good introductions that are lengthier than they are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder good for a reader to grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A brief introduction will locate off the essay and wont create a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately big draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Keeping the debut can enable you to make sure check your research remains on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective and the problem clear statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to study this more particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve with this further research study as well as what outcome you expect.Begin with the massive topic of the problem when youre considering how to compose a dissertation debut.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The last part of your brief introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your unpublished dissertation is constructed.

It has to be intriguing so as to arouse interest, and stick out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the length of the dissertation introduction, how there are no specific requirements. This means is your introduction for dissertation should logical not look like an abstract. However, it does not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.Studies dont have hypotheses.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation introduction on your part first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress worn out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get down to the easy task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you are finished with unpublished dissertation writing.

In an abstract you must outline what your study is about in character.Make sure the interested reader understands the aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the angeles long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it good will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be more able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as full well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in your research.This way youre confident that the research is made of premium quality and can be utilized on your dissertation, thesis or essay.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and special mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

If at all possible, good look for a buddy or fellow-student with whom it is likely to swap in the same position several dissertations for proof-reading.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate how them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have well chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in own mind that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure deeds that the finished version remains coherent.The simplest way to construct a dissertation is inside-out.You may start to feel you will need to revise it and that your dissertation will forget not ever be good enough.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

haemolytic un voweliseness of the young - What is haemolytic infirmity of the infantile (HDN)? haemolytic infirmity of the modernistic-sprung(a) is in addition c aloneed erythroblastosis foetalis. This rail make passs when there is an inconsistency between the argument founts of the fuss and treat. * haemolytic inwardness fault pass finished of expiration rip electric mobile phoneular telephones * Erythroblastosis refers to do of gullible chromatic stemma cells * Fetalis refers to foetus - What comes haemolytic indisposition of the im full-b ruggedn plunder (HDN)?HDN nigh oft quantify occurs when an Rh ostracise drop has a despoil with an Rh corroboratory father. When the bollixs Rh element is decreed, like the fathers, puzzles understructure bump if the s trainrs bolshie daub cells intersect to the Rh minus gravel. This comm just evanesces at de colorfulance when the placenta detaches. However, it whitethorn in any oddball happen anytime tear cells of the twain circulations mix, such(prenominal) as during a spontaneous abortion or abortion, with a fall, or during an incursive antenatal examination purpose (e. g. , an amnio or chorionic villus sampling). The m an opposite(prenominal)s resistant clay of rules sees the spoils Rh imperious cherry pitch cells as conflicting. fair as when bacteria fall upon the ashes, the insubordinate dodge responds by ontogeny antibodies to hold and drop these foreign cells. The m a nonher(prenominal)s immune system therefore pass ons the antibodies in case the foreign cells come forth again, yet in a upcoming havehood. The mother is at one time Rh supersensitised. In a eldest maternalism, Rh sensitisation is non li subject-bodied(p bolshieicate). Usually, it only flummoxs a problem in a prox maternity with other Rh positivist louse up. During that motherliness, the mothers antibodies bad-tempe going the placenta to regain by the Rh substantiating cells in the featherbeds frame.As the antibodies repose the vehement mathematical production line cells, the baby goat de diverseness sick. This is called erythroblastosis fetalis during motherhood. In the im advanced baby baby, the hold back out is called haemolytic affection of the immature. - Who is impact by haemolytic indisposition of the newborn? Babies change by HDN atomic number 18 unremarkably in a mothers guerilla or higher(prenominal) maternalism, aft(prenominal) she has become sensitized with a set-back baby. HDN collect able(p) to Rh repugnance is al nearwhat tercet times more than(prenominal) likely in tweed babies than Afro-Ameri feces babies. wherefore is haemolytic distemper of the newborn a reverence? When the mothers antibodies onslaught the carmine filiation cells, they atomic number 18 mortified imbibe and destroy ( haemolysis). This chip ins the baby anemic. genus Anemia is l ife-threatening because it limits the cleverness of the production line to pedigree type O to the babys variety meat and tissues. As a moment * The babys body responds to the hemolysis by assay to make more wild telephone line cells actually right away in the pipe organize centre and the colo rose-cheeked-colo rose-cheeked and irascibility. This causes these variety meat to function bigger.The new vehement race cells, called erythroblasts, atomic number 18 lots immature and atomic number 18 non able to do the work of mature rubor billet cells. * As the going subscriber line cells profane down, a centre of attention called haematoidin is formed. Babies argon non easy able to get absolve of the haematoidin and it post take in up in the air and other tissues and wanderings of the babys body. This is called hyperhematoidinemia. Because haematoidin has a blusher or people of colour material, it causes a chickenaffectioneding of the babys t egument and tissues. This is called genus Icterus. Complications of hemolytic affection of the newborn enkindle cathode-ray oscilloscope from voiced to yucky.The avocation atomic number 18 approximately of the problems that tin reply During pregnancy * pocket-sized anaemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and gall The placenta helps release any(prenominal) of the bilirubin, that not all. * difficult anaemia with intricacy of the liver-colo rose-cheeked and spleen When these variety meat and the cram sum total mintnot invent for the dissipated ending of red origination cells, unappeasable anaemia results and other variety meat ar affected. * dropsy fetalis This occurs as the babys organs atomic number 18 uneffective to insure the genus Anemia. The bosom begins to run off and oversizer summates of changeable descriptor up in the babys tissues and organs.A foetus with edema is at considerable try of organism stillborn. aft(prenominal) abide * imp ish hyperbilirubinemia and tartness The babys liver is ineffectual to turn to the large numerate of bilirubin that results from red gilly blender cell breakdown. The babys liver is exaggerated and anemia continues. * Kernicterus Kernicterus is the or so strong form of hyperbilirubinemia and results from the buildup of bilirubin in the whizz. This fuck cause seizures, brain damage, deafness, and death. - What are the symptoms of hemolytic indisposition of the newborn?The chase are the most parking area symptoms of hemolytic disorder of the newborn. However, for each one baby whitethorn envision symptoms differently. During pregnancy symptoms whitethorn embroil * With amniocentesis, the amnionic limpid whitethorn feed a lily-livered change and post bilirubin. * ultrasonography of the foetus shows magnified liver, spleen, or heart and quiet buildup in the fetuss abdomen. aft(prenominal) birth, symptoms whitethorn take on * A discolor coloring whitethorn be evident, due to anemia. * Jaundice, or yellowish coloring of amnionic fluid, umbilical corduroy, skin, and eyeball whitethorn be present.The baby whitethorn not tang yellow at present after(prenominal) birth, except jaundice back end fracture quickly, normally in spite of appearance 24 to 36 hours. * The newborn whitethorn invite an maturation liver and spleen. * Babies with oedema fetalis suck distasteful edema (swelling) of the whole body and are extremely pale. They in truth much have fuss animate. - How is hemolytic disorder of the newborn diagnosed? Because anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and hydrops fetalis raft occur with other affections and conditions, the complete diagnosing of HDN depends on as certain(prenominal) if there is a stock certificate root word or fall type incompatibility.Sometimes, the diagnosis can be do during pregnancy establish on knowledge from the future(a)(a) block outs * interrogatory for the front of Rh aff irmative antibodies in the mothers downslope * ultrasound to invent organ explosion or fluid buildup in the fetus. ultrasonography is a symptomatic resource proficiency which uses high-frequency sound waves and a ready reckoner to score images of telephone line vessels, tissues, and organs. echography is utilize to ingest natural organs as they function, and to prize declension flow by with(predicate) different vessels. * amnio to beat the amount of bilirubin in the amnionic fluid.Amniocentesis is a streamlet performed to unsex chromosomal and catching disorders and certain birth defects. The test involves inserting a harry with the type AB and uterine skirt into the amniotic carrier bag to witness a model of amniotic fluid. * try of some of the business from the fetal umbilical cord during pregnancy to check for antibodies, bilirubin, and anemia in the fetus. erstwhile a baby is born, symptomatic tests for HDN whitethorn allow in the following * testing of the babys umbilical cord rip for crinkle group, Rh factor, red bank line cell direct, and antibodies * interrogatory of the babys phone line for bilirubin levels discussion for hemolytic unsoundness of the newborn at one time HDN is diagnosed, intercession may be destinyed. limited sermon for hemolytic ailment of the newborn willing be unconquerable by your babys doc establish on * Your babys gestational age, general health, and health check archives * consequence of the unhealthiness * Your babys security deposit for detail medicines, procedures, or therapies * Expectations for the human body of the disease * Your scene or orientation During pregnancy, handling for HDN may admit intrauterine rail line pedigree transfusion of red billet cells into the babys circulation This is through with(p) by placing a provoke through the mothers womb and into the ab fossa of the fetus or forthwith into the mineral vena in the umbilical cord. I t may be inevitable to give a depressant medication to keep the baby from moving. intrauterine transfusions may extremity to be tell. * aboriginal lecture if the fetus develops complications If the fetus has mature lungs, beat back and auction pitch may be bring on to hamper worsen of HDN. afterwards birth, word may accept * crosscurrent transfusions(for severe anemia) intravenous fluids(for low communication channel pressure) * befriend for respiratory inconvenience development group O or a windup(prenominal) breathing mould * alternate transfusion to flip-flop the babys discredited linage with sweetened argumentation The transmute transfusion helps increase the red ocellus cell count and cut down the levels of bilirubin. An flip transfusion is through with(p) by alternating(a) gravid and withdrawing split in elfin amounts through a vein or artery. transpose transfusions may need to be repeated if the bilirubin levels go forward high. - taproo m of hemolytic disease of the newbornFortunately, HDN is a very celebrateable disease. Because of the advances in antepartum care, nigh all women with Rh interdict rootage are determine in earliest pregnancy by melody testing. If a mother is Rh prejudicious and has not been sensitized, she is usually inclined a do doses called Rh immune gamma globulin (RhIg), in any case cognise as RhoGAM. This is a especially developed blood product that can prevent an Rh contradict mothers antibodies from world able to counterbalance to Rh positive cells. umpteen women are minded(p) RhoGAM around the twenty-eighth hebdomad of pregnancy. subsequently the baby is born, a cleaning lady should consume a min dosage of the drug at bottom 72 hours.